2.8、外连接
mysql> select * from emp; e
±------±-------±----------±-----±-----------±--------±--------±-------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
±------±-------±----------±-----±-----------±--------±--------±-------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
±------±-------±----------±-----±-----------±--------±--------±-------+
mysql> select * from dept; d
±-------±-----------±---------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
±-------±-----------±---------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
±-------±-----------±---------+
内连接：（A和B连接，AB两张表没有主次关系。平等的。）
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno; //内连接的特点：完成能够匹配上这个条件的数据查询出来。
±-------±-----------+
| ename | dname |
±-------±-----------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
±-------±-----------+
外连接（右外连接）：
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
right join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
// outer是可以省略的，带着可读性强。
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
right outer join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
right代表什么：表示将join关键字右边的这张表看成主表，主要是为了将
这张表的数据全部查询出来，捎带着关联查询左边的表。
在外连接当中，两张表连接，产生了主次关系。
外连接（左外连接）：
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
dept d
left join
emp e
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
// outer是可以省略的，带着可读性强。
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
dept d
left outer join
emp e
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
带有right的是右外连接，又叫做右连接。
带有left的是左外连接，又叫做左连接。
任何一个右连接都有左连接的写法。
任何一个左连接都有右连接的写法。
±-------±-----------+
| ename | dname |
±-------±-----------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
| NULL | OPERATIONS |
±-------±-----------+
思考：外连接的查询结果条数一定是 >= 内连接的查询结果条数？
正确。
案例：查询每个员工的上级领导，要求显示所有员工的名字和领导名？
select
a.ename as ‘员工名’, b.ename as ‘领导名’
from
emp a
left join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+--------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+--------+