17、数据处理函数
17.1、数据处理函数又被称为单行处理函数
单行处理函数的特点：一个输入对应一个输出。
和单行处理函数相对的是：多行处理函数。（多行处理函数特点：多个输入，对应1个输出！）
17.2、单行处理函数常见的有哪些？
lower 转换小写
mysql> select lower(ename) as ename from emp;
+--------+
| ename |
+--------+
| smith |
| allen |
| ward |
| jones |
| martin |
| blake |
| clark |
| scott |
| king |
| turner |
| adams |
| james |
| ford |
| miller |
+--------+
14个输入，最后还是14个输出。这是单行处理函数的特点。
upper 转换大写
mysql> select * from t_student;
+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| zhangsan |
| lisi |
| wangwu |
| jack_son |
+----------+
mysql> select upper(name) as name from t_student;
+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| ZHANGSAN |
| LISI |
| WANGWU |
| JACK_SON |
+----------+
substr 取子串（substr( 被截取的字符串, 起始下标,截取的长度)）
select substr(ename, 1, 1) as ename from emp;
注意：起始下标从1开始，没有0.
找出员工名字第一个字母是A的员工信息？
第一种方式：模糊查询
select ename from emp where ename like 'A%';
第二种方式：substr函数
select
ename
from
emp
where
substr(ename,1,1) = 'A';
首字母大写？
select name from t_student;
select upper(substr(name,1,1)) from t_student;
select substr(name,2,length(name) - 1) from t_student;
select concat(upper(substr(name,1,1)),substr(name,2,length(name) - 1)) as result from t_student;
+----------+
| result |
+----------+
| Zhangsan |
| Lisi |
| Wangwu |
| Jack_son |
+----------+
concat函数进行字符串的拼接
select concat(empno,ename) from emp;
+---------------------+
| concat(empno,ename) |
+---------------------+
| 7369SMITH |
| 7499ALLEN |
| 7521WARD |
| 7566JONES |
| 7654MARTIN |
| 7698BLAKE |
| 7782CLARK |
| 7788SCOTT |
| 7839KING |
| 7844TURNER |
| 7876ADAMS |
| 7900JAMES |
| 7902FORD |
| 7934MILLER |
+---------------------+
length 取长度
select length(ename) enamelength from emp;
+-------------+
| enamelength |
+-------------+
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
| 6 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 6 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 6 |
+-------------+
trim 去空格
mysql> select * from emp where ename = ' KING';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where ename = trim(' KING');
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
str_to_date 将字符串转换成日期
date_format 格式化日期
format 设置千分位
case..when..then..when..then..else..end
当员工的工作岗位是MANAGER的时候，工资上调10%，当工作岗位是SALESMAN的时候，工资上调50%,其它正常。
（注意：不修改数据库，只是将查询结果显示为工资上调）
select
ename,
job,
sal as oldsal,
(case job when 'MANAGER' then sal*1.1 when 'SALESMAN' then sal*1.5 else sal end) as newsal
from
emp;
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| ename | job | oldsal | newsal |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | SALESMAN | 1600.00 | 2400.00 |
| WARD | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 3272.50 |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 3135.00 |
| CLARK | MANAGER | 2450.00 | 2695.00 |
| SCOTT | ANALYST | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
| KING | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | SALESMAN | 1500.00 | 2250.00 |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 950.00 |
| FORD | ANALYST | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | CLERK | 1300.00 | 1300.00 |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
round 四舍五入
select 字段 from 表名;
select ename from emp;
select 'abc' from emp; // select后面直接跟“字面量/字面值”
mysql> select 'abc' as bieming from emp;
+---------+
| bieming |
+---------+
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
| abc |
+---------+
mysql> select abc from emp;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'abc' in 'field list'
这样肯定报错，因为会把abc当做一个字段的名字，去emp表中找abc字段去了。
select 1000 as num from emp; // 1000 也是被当做一个字面量/字面值。
+------+
| num |
+------+
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
| 1000 |
+------+
结论：select后面可以跟某个表的字段名（可以等同看做变量名），也可以跟字面量/字面值（数据）。
select 21000 as num from dept;
+-------+
| num |
+-------+
| 21000 |
| 21000 |
| 21000 |
| 21000 |
+-------+
mysql> select round(1236.567, 0) as result from emp; //保留整数位。
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
| 1237 |
+--------+
select round(1236.567, 1) as result from emp; //保留1个小数
select round(1236.567, 2) as result from emp; //保留2个小数
select round(1236.567, -1) as result from emp; // 保留到十位。
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
| 1240 |
+--------+
select round(1236.567, -2) as result from emp;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
| 1200 |
+--------+
rand() 生成随机数
mysql> select round(rand()*100,0) from emp; // 100以内的随机数
+---------------------+
| round(rand()*100,0) |
+---------------------+
| 76 |
| 29 |
| 15 |
| 88 |
| 95 |
| 9 |
| 63 |
| 89 |
| 54 |
| 3 |
| 54 |
| 61 |
| 42 |
| 28 |
+---------------------+
ifnull 可以将 null 转换成一个具体值
ifnull是空处理函数。专门处理空的。
在所有数据库当中，只要有NULL参与的数学运算，最终结果就是NULL。
mysql> select ename, sal + comm as salcomm from emp;
+--------+---------+
| ename | salcomm |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH | NULL |
| ALLEN | 1900.00 |
| WARD | 1750.00 |
| JONES | NULL |
| MARTIN | 2650.00 |
| BLAKE | NULL |
| CLARK | NULL |
| SCOTT | NULL |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | NULL |
| JAMES | NULL |
| FORD | NULL |
| MILLER | NULL |
+--------+---------+
计算每个员工的年薪？
年薪 = (月薪 + 月补助) * 12
select ename, (sal + comm) * 12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | NULL |
| ALLEN | 22800.00 |
| WARD | 21000.00 |
| JONES | NULL |
| MARTIN | 31800.00 |
| BLAKE | NULL |
| CLARK | NULL |
| SCOTT | NULL |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | NULL |
| JAMES | NULL |
| FORD | NULL |
| MILLER | NULL |
+--------+----------+
注意：NULL只要参与运算，最终结果一定是NULL。为了避免这个现象，需要使用ifnull函数。
ifnull函数用法：ifnull(数据, 被当做哪个值)
如果“数据”为NULL的时候，把这个数据结构当做哪个值。
补助为NULL的时候，将补助当做0
select ename, (sal + ifnull(comm, 0)) * 12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 22800.00 |
| WARD | 21000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 31800.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+